Current guidelines from Europe6 and the United States7 recommend initiating GLP-1RAs therapy promptly after the failure of oral hypoglycemic agents, prioritizing their use over insulin therapy
Emerging evidence from clinical trials suggested a positive impact of GLP-1 RAs on nondiabetic obese HFpEF in terms of improving physical limitations, symptoms, and exercise function
Focus on healthy meals with lean protein sources, whole grains, non-starchy vegetables and/or fruit
Moreover, GLP-1RAs can reverse EndMT induced by high glucose and IL-1 via activating the AMPK pathway, which was evidenced by augmenting an endothelium marker expression (CD31), as well as alleviating mesenchymal markers expression (SM22 (sensitive 22 kDa actin-binding protein of the calponin), vimentin and Snail) [119]
In contrast, specific to the L-cell, Gcg expression has been shown to be downstream of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway (a specific signaling transduction pathway), -catenin and transcription factor 7 like 2 (TCF7L2) (28)
