Conventional drugs like metformin primarily exert their effects by improving IR, and studies have shown that they can modulate the gut microbiota, albeit with no significant impact on the levels of gut microbial metabolites (108)
Macrophages engulf red blood cells, breaking down hemoglobin into heme, which is further degraded into biliverdin, Carbon monoxide, and iron [56]
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition in which excess bacteria colonize the small intestinean area typically reserved for minimal microbial activity
Diet-induced chronic syndrome, metabolically transformed trimethylamine-N-oxide, and the cardiovascular functions
The outer layers of the grain (the bran and the aleurone layer, the outermost layer of the endosperm, remaining attached to the bran during milling) and the germ are rich in folate, and they are generally separated during milling from the starchy endosperm, which is ground into flour 304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318