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In contrast, SAGE-DM is not a cluster-defined or statistically derived phenotype, but a mechanistically oriented framework emphasizing the role of aging biology rather than clinical clustering
Mechanisms of ROS production In addition to mitochondrial sources, ROS generation involves various enzymatic pathways: transmembrane electron transfer mediated by NADPH oxidase (NOX), substrate oxidation catalysed by xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and byproducts from lipoxygenase (LOXs) and cyclooxygenase (COX) during arachidonic acid metabolism [11]
doi: 10.1111/nure.12012 Summary Keywords amino acid metabolism, diabetic kidney disease, functional foods, gut microbiota, gut-liver-kidney axis, medicine food homology, natural bioactive compounds, uremic toxins Citation Sun L, Sun G, Nan Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Shi Y, Yang Y and Wang Q (2026) Gut microbiota-liver-kidney axis in diabetic kidney disease: mechanistic insights into amino acid metabolism and nutritional intervention strategies targeting natural bioactive compounds
Currently, several long-acting dual GLP-1R/GCGR agonists are in various stages of clinical development