glp-1 and ghrelin The role of gut hormones in controlling the food intake. What is their role in emerging diseases? The central signaling pathways related

Its serendipitous discovery as a weight-loss aid mirrors bariatric surgery, which is founded on the finding that patients undergoing stomach (gastric) surgery in the 50s for ulcer disease all lost weight

When the thyroid is underactive, as in hypothyroidism, T3 and T4 are undersecreted, leading to a reduced metabolic rate and wide-ranging physiological consequences (Davis & Phillippi, 2022

Across clinical trials and real-world settings, weight loss remained modest, relapse rates after discontinuation were high, and treatment was often fragmented, lacking integration into interdisciplinary care models

doi:10.1186/1475-2867-14-53 220

Xu B, Liu H, Yang G, Zhang S, Zhou Z, Gao Y