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A 2022 scientific review published in the National Library of Medicine confirmed that nasal delivery of therapeutic peptides is a non-invasive and fast-acting method that can effectively bypass the blood-brain barrier while minimising systemic exposure

Cultured mammalian cells were treated with menadione or BSO: menadione increases oxidation of glutathione, while BSO inhibits synthesis of cellular GSH

Current understanding is largely based on pharmacovigilance data, clinical trial secondary endpoints, case reports, and small observational studies

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These reactive oxygen species may subsequently interact with superoxide dismutase and glutathione, leading to reduced levels of these antioxidants, making the brains ability to cope with oxidative stress damage much reduced and further accelerating neuronal cell damage in the corresponding brain regions ( The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia suggests that the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is impaired in this disorder