Overall, MSU crystals instigate the migration of MAIT cells and stimulate their production of cytokines such as IFN-, TNF- and IL-17, inducing T cell polarization towards pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 phenotypes
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Since cytokines can also regulate the activity of tryptophan catabolism in astrocytes and microglia, this finding corresponds to the alterations in the kynurenine pathway observed in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia (186)
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Though those are nearly always elevated in cases of B12 deficiency, there are rare cases of severe B12 deficiency manifesting with normal B12 levels in the blood, normal MMA levels, and normal homocysteine