In mice, hepatocyte Dpp4 expression increases with obesity ( Dpp4 in the liver is associated with reduced levels of soluble DPP-4 in the plasma ( Dpp4 expression ( Protease-Independent Metabolic Effects of DPP-4 While some of the effects of DPP-4and, arguably, most, if not all of the pharmacological effects of DPP-4 inhibitors ( In vitro studies have shown that addition of DPP-4 is associated with impaired insulin signaling in primary human adipocytes, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle cells ( Dpp4 (using short interfering RNA) resulted in improved adipocyte insulin responsiveness ( per se (Figure 3)
The recommended daily intake for adults is 900 mg/day (354)
Journal of the Endocrine Society
It is not yet approved and is still working through larger studies, so it is one to watch rather than something available today, but it shows just how far this class of medicines has pulled ahead of anything a supplement can offer
Beyond its role in inflammation-related mechanisms contributing to depression, zinc also influences depression through other pathways
