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Influence of combination therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists on the management of blood pressure in Japanese patients with diabetes

10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8 42 HendriksT.MastboomW

Betaine increases the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), which plays an important role in the clearance of pathogens and harmful substances, and also up-regulates IL-4 and down-regulated TNF- in small intestinal mucosa (216)

Additionally, quantification of other trimethylamines like betaine, 3-dehydrocarnitine, choline, and the related metabolite glycine similarly failed to indicate any significant metabolic production by the gut microbial community following isotope labeled carnitine ingestion

Diabetologia (1999) 42:3269