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They also do a sort of clean up duty, they recognize, breakdown and remove oxidized or damaged proteins, DNA and lipids, to prevent their accumulation which can be toxic to body tissues

In addition, in rat brain, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (Kugler et al., 1988) and NAD + -dependent IDH3 (Patel, 1977), a rate-limiting step of the citric acid cycle (Chen and Ding, 2023), were also shown to decline with aging (Haripriya et al., 2004), which, together with the loss of ACO2 activity, may be major driving forces behind this oxidizing shift in the neuronal mitochondrial [NAD + ]/[NADH] with aging

In distal tubular injury, leakage of urinary regulatory proteins into the interstitial space activates dendritic cells through TLR4 and NLRP3 inflammasomes, initiating an immune response [323, 324]

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