Lu et al., 2009
As one of the important pathways for emotional and cognitive regulation, dysregulation of the HPA axis is associated with the induction, exacerbation, or progression of PD ( 3.4 Anti-inflammatory effect of VNS Recent studies have shown that the VN has anti-inflammatory effects, mediated through multiple pathways, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), the HPA axis anti-inflammatory pathway, and the splenic sympathetic nerve anti-inflammatory pathway ( The VN is also believed to activate splenic sympathetic nerves via a vagal-sympathetic reflex, releasing NE that binds to splenic lymphocytes, promoting the release of ACh, which in turn inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from splenic macrophages through a negative feedback loop, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects via the splenic sympathetic nerve pathway ( Moreover, significant degeneration of NE neurons in the LC can also exacerbate the neuroinflammatory process in PD ( 4 Innovative strategies for treating PD with VNS 4.1 Stimulation modalities At the end of the 19th century, American neurologist James Corning first used VNS to treat epilepsy
This metabolic shift occurs without stimulating appetite suppression or increasing nervous system activity, making it fundamentally different from traditional weight loss compounds
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